Monday, June 3, 2019

Ways to Prevent Human Trafficking | Essay

Ways to Prevent military man Trafficking EssayThrough come out of the closet the world today, a silent plague has been sweeping the nations. Although it whitethorn be much prevalent in third world countries, its presence to a fault roams the streets of to a greater extent progressive nations (Kelly, 2001). According to the Bureau of valet de chambrekind Affairs of the United States segment of State (2004), mankindity trafficking is modern-day slavery, involving victims who ar forced, defrauded or coerced into labor or sexual exploitation (para. 1). Anti-trafficking initiatives ar already in place and, while this may be a step in the right direction, it butt jointnot be denied that more necessitys to be done. Because human beings trafficking is a worldwide predicament, government and non-government organizations must settle their initiatives and extend these efforts to create and to implement laws that would reduce trafficking, improve the lives of the victims, and mak e the community more aware of this inhumane act.In relation to this, the purpose of this research stem is to provide the reader with sufficient propoundation on the different efforts of government and non-government organizations (NGO) to abolish human trafficking. In addition, suggestions on the improvement of these existing programs are as well tackled. Lastly, the goal of this paper is to raise awareness about human trafficking as an intolerable umbrage.In order to reach these objectives, extensive research on the causes and cause of human trafficking was done. deflexion from this, the researchers also examined various anti-trafficking efforts each(prenominal) over the world and the inevitable measures for the total abolishment of human trafficking.A Heart of Steel man trafficking clearly vio latishs numerous human rights, referenceicularly those pertaining to personal easydom. It can be considered a modern form of slavery because, aside from the fact that victims are b ought and interchange like commodities, they are subjected to forced labor that swerves from manual work in sweatshops to prostitution in brothels (Sharma, 2001). Women and children are mostly the victims of this horrendous crime. Across international borders, it has been estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 men, women, and children are trafficked, and the number is only pop offting higher. 70 percent of these trafficked individuals are women and 50 percent are children (Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons of the United States subdi vision of State, 2004). On one hand, women serve as domestic workers, prostitutes, and mail-order brides to abusive employers or husbands without their full consent. Children, on the other hand, become pitiful victims of sexual exploitation and child labor. disrespect receiving promises of intimately-paying jobs and legitimate employment from their farmers, the victims find themselves in a constant state of abuse and helplessness under their employers (Kelly, 2001). The control their employers draw over them can be attri aloneed to two things. The first is debt bondage, wherein victims pay off the amount their employers paid for them through and through forced labor. They receive no pay or little pay until the bills has been reimbursed. When they are able to pay it off, they are informed that they have incurred additional debts through lodging, food, and other expenses. In just about cases, the victims are t of age(predicate) that the money is macrocosm held for them or sent to their families back stead (Kelly, 2001). Because they do not directly receive the money, they are unable to escape from their jobs. The second factor trapping the victims is the lack of lawful documents needed in order for them to flee. Most of the victims have been transported through illegal means, including falsified documents and passports (Kelly, 2001). This makes it impossible for them to contact the authorities and to ask for help, in fear of being seen as illegal immigrants and being deported to their home country shamefully. Also, upon arrival at their destination, recruiters and employers confiscate whatever documents the victims possess and forbid them from contacting anyone, including members of their own family. Deprived of any means of escaping, they are forced to continue with their work, no content how deplorable the conditions may be.Because of their powerlessness, they are left vulnerable to many forms of abuse (Bureau of Public Affairs of the United States Department of State, 2004). Domestic workers are prone to physical and sexual abuse. Several of them report that they have been battered, sexually assaulted, and raped (Cheung, Karlekar, De Dios, Vichit-Vadakan, Quisumbing, 1999). Prostitutes recall being verbally ab apply, being assaulted, and being forced to have intercourse against their depart. Since they have no control over the sexual acts they will perform, they are often brutaliz ed by their customers (Kelly, 2001). They are unable to renounce because their pimps or managers beat them up or threaten to peak sending money to their families once they do so (Sharma, 2001). In children, they are beaten up, molested, and some eons, forced into child pornography or prostitution (Katsuma, 2001).Even after the ordeal is over, trafficked victims continue to carry scars from their horrifying experiences. Women who once worked as prostitutes end up with friendless pregnancies or, worse, HIV/AIDS (Sharma, 2001). aside from this, child laborers are severely malnourished and suffer from various respiratory infections and diseases as a result of exposure to hepatotoxic fumes in factories. The children have underdeveloped intellectual and mental capacities, not only because of the lack of education, but also because of exposure to an environment not extend for their age. Trafficking victims are often psychologically damaged, left with a feeling of inferiority and a lo w self-esteem (NGO Group for the CRC Sub-Group on Child Labour, 2002).Trafficking and the MafiaAside from human rights violations, trafficking is a major global concern because of its contribution to the growth of international organized crime. According to Salt (as cited in Bruckert Parent, 2002), because human trafficking involves source, transit, and destination countries, it requires spacious amounts of money, connections to powerful people in many countries, and good organization, in order to be carried out successfully. Aside from this, the routes used for trafficking are the same as those used for the drug trade, and it is a known fact that the drug trade is controlled by these criminal groups. All these establish and domiciliate a link between human trafficking and international organized crime. In fact, several criminal groups have been reportedly involved in human trafficking activities. Chinese triads traffic women from Russia and the Ukraine into brothels in Macao and Hong Kong (Ovchinsky, 2007). Also, the highly infamous Russian mob smuggle women from the former Soviet Union into Israel, sometimes using them to hide weapons that they are smuggling as well (Israel- A Human Trafficking Haven, 2004).Despite these facts and reports, it remains hard for authorities to apprehend traffickers because of the clandestine nature of human trafficking itself. Even illegal recruiters who run small-scale operations in verdant areas are hard to track because they can easily disguise themselves as acquaintances of the family of the victim. Also, human trafficking is made possible by political corruption. Recruiters may initiate the process, but the furtive transfer of the victims from one area to another requires some sort of conspiracy between the traffickers and certain authorities. Traffickers are known to bribe government officials in order for them to pass through the borders and for the falsified documents to be disregarded. For example, in Bosnia, loca l immigration officials were reported to have received free sexual services from prostitutes in brothels in exchange for deliberately ignoring the fact that these women were trafficked (Agbu, 2003).Working Things Out motivateions done by governments and non-government organizations have greatly reduced trafficking and have encourageed those most susceptible to it (Bureau of Public Affairs of the United States Department of State, 2004). Just by beginning with rural areas to local urban communities where human trafficking is egregiously benefaction, different government and non-government organizations (NGOs) have shown concern regarding this tailor by implementing ordinances and laws to serve as a halt to the mentioned illegal deed. Both international and national laws have likewise been passed to stop human trafficking. In mess of the fact that trafficking is an international affectionate predicament, plans made by governments for protection and legal profession have been we ll-promulgated among societies. Nevertheless, people who are of full-knowledge regarding the laws and its daze on culprits and still choose to infract it may be punished depending on the gravity of lawbreaking.Given that children and women are surveyed to have the most number of trafficking cases, most international efforts give much direction and center on to such cases. The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children aims to establish a clearly defined international standard regarding trafficking cases (Raymond, n.d.). The United Nations (UN) provides a comprehensive account of the many challenges facing the international community and of the joint ongoing efforts to find solutions. This body process by the UN (2000) towards the prevention of human trafficking upholds that effective action to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, especially women and children, requires a comprehensive international approa ch in the countries of origin, transit and destination that includes measures to prevent such trafficking, to punish the traffickers and to protect the victims of such trafficking, including by protecting their internationally recognized human rights (p. 2). Also, governments have implemented measures to provide for the physical, psychological, and social recovery of trafficked women and children, including, in appropriate cases, the cooperation of NGOs, other applicable organizations, and other elements of civil society.An example of the aforementioned organizations includes the International Labour Convention (ILO). The ILO recognizes the newly approved law of Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act or RA 9231. This law eliminates the worst forms of child labor such as slavery, prostitution and pornography, drug trafficking, and any work that is hazardous to the health and sentry duty of children. By any violation to this law, a p erson will automatically be imprisoned, the length of time depending on how grave the trafficking act is (Establishments employing children warned, 2005).At the present time, most third-world countries implement a kind of judicial reform that would allow victims to demand strong penalties for the traffickers-enough to provide deterrence to an extremely profitable criminal activity. The Anti-Human Trafficking police force of the Philippines allows victims to take action against traffickers. Basically, this law not only provides the right for victims to decide on how grave the chastisement they want the traffickers to go through, but also the assistance, recovery, and reformation of trafficked victims from their traumatic experience under these criminals. This way, the Anti-Human Trafficking Law does not only reduce the number of trafficking cases, but also alleviates the pain caused by this crime to its victims (Solidarity Philippines Australia Network, 2003).A Victims defenseInte rnational and local groups have been established to specifically combat human trafficking. Different governments and NGOs have come up with departments that can help stop human trafficking. In the Philippines, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) launched a National Family Violence Prevention Program where families are informed about the rights of women and children as well as the necessary actions to protect them. To prevent trafficking in children, social workers have been posted at the airports to monitor the travel of children abroad. As to NGOs, GABRIELA, which is the national alliance of womens organizations in the Philippines, is actively involved in massive awareness campaigns to prevent the trafficking of women and girls from the country along with the National Commission on the Role of the Filipino Women (NCRFW) who has been aggressively advocating policies and programs to stop trafficking in women and children, foremost of which is the enactment of an a nti-trafficking bill into law (Espada, 2003).In addition to that, an anti-human trafficking confederacy such as the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women works with international policymakers and human rights advocates to promote womens rights and to stop human trafficking (Kelly, 2001). In this case, laws and ordinances do not only cover local communities nor nations as a whole, but also includes international or world-wide policymaking. With the help of the UN and other global federations, a basic notion of equity in terms of policies and laws can be implemented among nations. Moreover, under local cases, the Visayan gathering Foundation raises awareness about trafficking in the Philippines and provides halfway houses for trafficked victims (Odronia, 2008). cognizance about the effects of trafficking among its victims and the consequences that traffickers may go through is a vital aspect for the organization. fend off an Unambiguous MalfeasanceBecause human trafficking in not y et completely abolished, there is a need to improve existing programs and to create new ones that are more efficient and comprehensive. Kelly (2001) asserts that, since human trafficking is a major global concern, there is a need to develop a legal framework with appropriate penalties, which provides redress for all the ways in which traffickers and exploiters violate womens human rights and is effective in prosecuting these crimes (p. 35). Furthermore, she stresses the need to improve on current anti-human trafficking initiatives, suggesting that, including measures directed at the young men who recruitand daring to target demand, at home and abroad, would be a radical and welcome step (p.35). The government should also see to it that the criminals involved in these crimes get the right punishment. There have been incidences wherein the government has turned a blind eye to these issues, therefore making the existing laws ineffectual. Despite the existence of laws, trafficking remai ns far-flung particularly because of the corruption and the indifference of government officials (Sharma, 2001).A single policy will not be able to solve the problem entirely, but it will greatly contribute to the solution. In addition, combating problems such as crime, exiguity, migration, labor, mental health, and law enforcement, should also be part of anti-trafficking initiatives, as these problems are related to and often asterisk to trafficking (Sharma, 2001). By addressing these issues and finding solutions to them, there would be a lesser need for people to resort to illegal means such as human trafficking.Awareness vs. OblivionBringing awareness to the people about anti-human trafficking initiatives should also be one of the main concerns of these government and non-government organizations. As Sharma (2001) stated, public awareness campaigns are lordly to bring issues of sexual trafficking before the public in order to stimulate community based support (p. 49). It is imp ortant to a society to have citizen cooperation because without this, more people become vulnerable to becoming victims of these illegal and degrading crimes.Traffickers capitalize on their victims ignorance and desperation to get out of poverty. As a matter of fact, poverty is the ahead(p) cause of human trafficking. Because of poverty, people are deprived of the essential education that they need to acquire jobs (Cheung, Karlekar, De Dios, Vichit-Vadakan, Quisumbing, 1999). These people end up considering illegal options, and human trafficking is one of them. This does not just pertain to the victims, but the traffickers themselves. They take advantage of those people who are willing to work and deceive them with false promises of legitimate employment. The victims, comprehend no other alternative and completely unaware of the possible consequences, succumb to the lures of migration and find themselves in forced labor or slavery-like conditions (Kelly, 2001).Because of this, lo cal governments, especially in rural areas, should educate the citizens on how to recognize human trafficking and what to do when faced with such an ordeal as they cannot be proactive if they are not healthy about the situation (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d.). This can be done through various forms of media such as infomercials, documentaries, print media, and the like. These forms of media can serve to inform the viewers about the telltale signs of human trafficking and to promulgate existing laws in order to deal with the increasing number of human trafficking cases. As a matter of fact, various NGOs and other groups have utilized the media in order to spread vital information about human trafficking. The Save the Children organization has worked with networks for the broadcasting of boob tube segments containing hotline numbers of various anti-trafficking organizations (Anti-Sex Trafficking Organization, 2005). Under local cases, the Philippine Overseas Employm ent Agency has released an anti-trafficking infomercial airing on local TV networks (United States Department of State, 2007). Aside from this, the different anti-human trafficking campaigns should have full support and cooperation from the government in order for them to be as effective and well-spread as possible (Kelly, 2001). These campaigns are mostly needed in more rural areas of a country since most of the victims come from these areas. As stated earlier, these people are usually desperate to get out of poverty that they do not know the true nature of this horrendous felony.Hand in Hand A ConclusionThe eradication of human trafficking cannot be done overnight. Even the toughest anti-trafficking legislation will be ineffective without the support it needs. This is why programs by both government and non-government organizations call for global cooperation and local troth in order for the complete abolishment of human trafficking to be achieved (United Nations Population Fund, n.d.).Human trafficking is an issue that needs to be addressed because, aside from the fact that it perpetuates crime all over the world, it severely damages the lives of its innocent victims. Measures to reduce trafficking have been taken by governments and non-government organizations, and these include the creation of both international and national anti-trafficking laws and programs for the prevention of trafficking and rehabilitation of trafficking victims. However, it is evident that more needs to be done. Aside from having more aggressive campaigns against human trafficking, raising awareness for prevention should be at the head word of all anti-trafficking initiatives.With an activity as clandestine and as lucrative as human trafficking, it may appear that the battle cannot be won. Initiatives taken to eradicate trafficking have only been successful in reducing it. However, in the 19th century, slavery was abolished worldwide. If it has been done once, then surely it can b e done again. With the needed support from the international and national level, the dream of abolishing trafficking may soon be realized.Effects of IPods on Childhood Annotated BibliographyEffects of IPods on Childhood Annotated BibliographyAre iPads healthy or poisonous apples in early childhood?Have we ever thought there was too much engineering at early years? In the past few years, engineering science has developed rapidly. Electronic devices have been applied everywhere. Since the launch of iPad in 2010, it has become increasingly popular in early-years acquisition. Nowadays in early age, children are more accessible to the iPad devices than ever before. Parents are buying them for their children and allowing them to use freely. They consider iPad as their electronic nanny which engages the child throughout, allowing parents more free time for themselves. They believed that iPad is not only harmless but also function as an educator to their children, pushing their technolo gical intelligence to the next level. As a teacher, I am often asked by the parents to recommend some educational apps, which could help their children learn at home.In my opinion, the existence of latest mass chat media symbolizes the rapid advancement of our modern world. This breakthrough enhances the convenience of sharing and searching information amongst the children. Media exposure enriches their knowledge in terms of life quality.However, the British leading psychologist Dr. Aric Sigman indicated Children should be banned from using reckoners until they are 9 years old because the early use of technology is destroying the development of their intelligence. (2010, British Dailymail)Furthermore, the recent report of Singmans relevant research pointed that using electronic equipment for long period of time would affect childrens attention as well as their social skills. In addition, a child who watches the popular 3D movies frequently would affect his/her perspective developm ent. Based on Sigmans view, I have the urge to read more literatures, and thus explore the impact of technology usage on children in early years.Annotated BibliographyBandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3),265-299. doi10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03Bandura promoted the concept of social cognitive theories. In this article, it focuses on discussing the increasing role of the media and the effects of modeling. He indicates that demeanour can be wise to(p) via social prompts, and values are learned through human modeling behaviour. Banduras theoretical structure describes how observational skill including direct pathway and socially meditated pathway that influence extensive behaviour changes. Bandura puts a lot of effort of developing social lore study and has published many books and journal articles about this theory. This article links social cognition theory with the roles of electronic media and mass communication, gives us an in -depth understanding of how children change their behaviour based on the models of others. Media has strong impact in the nurture of social roles and responsibilities.Cicconi, M. (2014). Vygotsky meets technology A reinvention of collaboration in the earlychildhood mathematics classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(1), 57-65.doi10.1007/s10643-013-0582-9This journal article examines the implications of Vygotskys social learning theory in the early- childhood classroom. The findings suggest that the use of educational technology increases childrens confidence and willingness to share their knowledge, fostering communication and collaboration in learning mathematics. The author discusses the use of three web-based ray of lights, Voke, VoiceThread, and Vodcasts, which engage children with great enthusiasm, and empowering them of all abilities. The research also indicates that children, who armed with instructional technology, the amount of interaction, collaboration and scaf folding are increased. As an educator, the author stresses that the practical instructional technology demonstrates positive impact in learning where children could collaborate effectively.Elliott- anteroom, G. (2013). Learning together with iPads. Every Child, 19 (4), 22-23.In this article, Giulia Hall gives an overview of how iPads enrich the learning environment and enhance childrens learning. She states the importance of using iPads to support young children and meeting their learning needs. With iPads, the selection of learning activities is mainly focus on literacy and numeracy. In order to function it well, teacher should develop rules for children by following instructions while using iPads in class. Hall also describes the advantages of using iPads. They are documenting childrens learning, keeping track on childrens learning progress, developing independence of individual learning and promoting interaction by grouping kids in pairs and using iPads as a positive reinforcer t o reward for positive and on-task behaviour. In summary, Hall indicates that iPads helps provide more guidance and modeling in a small group setting, childrens experience with digital technologies enable them to interact, share ideas and create new things.Haddon, L. (2013). Mobile media and children. Mobile Media Communication, 1(1), 89-95.doi10.1177/2050157912459504This article examines a range of research issues with regards to children and digital devices. They are 1.Childrens class time. There is a growing trend that children spend more time in screen activities 2. The need for establishing rules of childrens use of technology devices in different social spaces 3. Challenges of handling the increment of technological options, in terms of age and social norms 4. The impact on childrens cognitive development 5. Problems that associate with parental involvement and the difficulties of monitor, such as bedroom privacy 6.The potential growth of new logistical challenges, including problems with pickaxe children up in the car 7. The possession of digital devices within peer groups. All these issues were discussed in various contexts with different cultural perspective towards children and adolescents.McCarthy, C. (2014). Should babies and toddlers use iPads? Harvard wellness Publications.Harvard Commentaries on Health.This article discusses the impact of traditional screen devices towards toddlers in terms of interaction and creativity. It also made contrast between traditional devices and iPads. The author stresses the exalted activity for toddlers is to involve active and exploratory play together with adult, displaying a sense of human touch. Toddlers sitting long time in front of a screen leads to problem with attention. Children imitating TV program with high level of violence can make them more aggressive. In comparison between iPads and traditional screen devices, the former has the quality of better than play toys, more interactive and at the same ti me tailor to childrens age and learning needs. The author advises that old fashioned play is better than an iPad for childrens development, the amount of time for children to play iPad should not exceed an hour a day. In addition, parents can refer to the reviews on the selected Apps and determine its level of suitability for their children and interact with them.Sigman, A. (2012). Time for a view on screen time. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(11),935. doi10.1136/archdischild-2012-302196The author indicates that observation screen media is the main leisure of children in this computer age. Children nowadays spent high amount of time on all sorts of screen devices. It has become part of their lives. Undesirable information affects childrens cognitive development. Prolong usage of view screen media contributes to personal health risk, lacking physical activities. Children who watch television and imbibe food affect its duration of consumption, as it extends beyond the usual tim e of watching. Body fat mass increment is largely affected by ceaseless hours of TV watching. Depriving physical activities result in unfavorable health condition. Extensive computer games addiction causes subsequent attention problems and in childhood and even late adolescence stage. Children, who spent more time watching television or using computer exhibit higher level of psychological and emotional difficulties,Social skills devolve as more new technologies skills are acquired. A reduction in screen exposure significantly elevates improvement in child health and development. The impact of uncontrolled and unscreened media that are made available to the children is generally frail life styles.Sherman, T. M. Kurshan, B. L. (2005). Constructing learning Using technology to support teaching for understanding. Learning Leading with technology, 32(5), 10-39.In this journal article Sheman and Kurshan advocates that online mass communication allows students and adults to work toge ther from apart effectively solving specific problems under their umbrella of advance technology. It is a tool where students can utilize and maximize their learning capability even from home. Technology is considered as multiple platforms for social interactions. Through network learning platform, students and teachers could discuss questions in different locations, which enables students to express their thoughts as well as expanding their understanding. Technology-based activities not only develop students intelligence but also facilitating their collaboration of problem solving. Sherman and Kurshan conclude that through organised interaction, it becomes another form of social activities.Stein, M. T. (2011). The effects of media use in children. Journal Watch. Pediatrics AdolescentMedicine, doi10.1056/PA201112280000002American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) conducted a research on media exposure in early childhood, and its effect on children and adolescents in 2011. In the process of the survey, children under the age of 2 denote that 90% of children watch media, such as television and videos. At age 3, 30%of children have televisions in their room, which drastically affects their sleep pattern. Over exposure to TV affects their livery expression, a drop in their executive function and attention problems. Delayed sleep, obesity and fatigue results from over exposure of TV watching are unhealthy practices. Parental intervention, guidance and discussion with their children are necessary to handle their emotions and social behaviour. This article provides strong evidence of supported data in terms of the childrens behaviour in the presence of long duration media exposure.Suazo-Garcia, B., Attewell, P. A., Battle, J. (2003). Computers and young children Socialbenefit or social problem? Social Forces, 82(1), 277-296. doi10.1353/sof.2003.0075This research involves school-age children and examines the correlates of time spent at home with computers. It reviews the popular topic of whether computing promotes or reduces young childrens cognitive skills, well-being aspects and learning development. It indicates that computers rob away some normal experiences, such as outdoor activities and social interaction time with peers or other adults. Most children rely largely on playing computer games and stay away from pure educational programs and activities. It reflects on a decline in participating social networks and tends to be more of a loner. The research also reveals that computer integration should be implemented into classroom teaching as many school works are done via computer. Heavy usage of home computers for eight or more hours weekly is linked to less time on physical activities. Furthermore, long term sitting can cause vision problem and bad posture problem. This article highlights on the importance of reducing time spent on home computer.Wood, E., Specht, J., Willoughby, T., Mueller, J. (2008). Integrating computer technology in early childhood education environments Issues raised by early childhood educators. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 54(2), 210.This study explores the issues faced by the educators with regard to the integration of technology in early childhood education environment. It addresses different perspectives of the children, parents and the educators through the survey responses. Educator pointed that computers is not age-appropriate for very young children, it limits their social interaction with peers and the engagement of social problem-solving. Through the group discussions, they revealed their concerns about the potential loss of traditional educational formats, such as hands-on learning experiences. However, they did acknowledge that computers are the useful learning tool for older children, as it allows children to share information and learn independently. This article discusses the role of computers and provides a better understanding to parents and early childhood educators.C onclusion Technology is a double sided sword, it has its advantages and disadvantages. Its application depends largely on the integrity of the user. For instance, iPads are like cars and the iPad user are like the drivers. Many accidents are caused by rash drivers, the problem lies in the mentality and the skills of the driver, rather than the function of the car. As our children are innocent, dependent and vulnerable, parental guidance and engagement is crucial at this junction. Constant monitoring and interaction with the childrens engagement with their iPad is of utmost importance. Parents and teachers involvement in constructive learning with the children, results in more closely monitored in their engaging activities. Establishing rules, controlled timing on iPads usage and careful selection of suitable Apps are the key settings towards healthy learning environment. It promotes their mental and social development in a positive way. We can simply say that a healthy apple is atta ined when the above mentioned criteria are met.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.